In-depth analysis to develop a social marketing model to promote women's participation in waste segregation behaviour: A qualitative study.

Waste separation is one of the key factors in managing solid waste and creating a healthy environment. Waste separation at source has always been associated with challenges. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the perceptions of housewives and related parties regarding the factors that influence waste separation behaviour and to identify approaches to improve behaviour based on the social marketing framework. This study was conducted as a qualitative content analysis in Amol City in 2022. The data was collected through semi-structured individual interviews. A total of 25 housewives were selected as main participants and 5 stakeholders through purposive selection. The results of the study included lack of awareness of recyclable materials (product), personal, family and environmental barriers (price), lack of doorstep collection of dry waste (place), and lack of use of appropriate technology (promotion). The lack of financial resources, inappropriate political measures and the coronavirus pandemic were also the causes of this challenge. Most participants cited environmental and educational deficits as the main reason for not separating waste. It is possible to improve waste sorting behaviour at source through appropriate behavioural interventions at the individual, social and environmental levels. Researchers can use the results of this study to design, implement and evaluate waste segregation intervention programmes for housewives.

Psychosocial determinants of functional independence among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: In current years, the increase in older population has led to creating one of the main public health challenges, worldwide. Because of the special characteristics of older adults, this age group is exposed to possible problems, such as mental and physical disorders, that usually affect their functional independence. The study aimed to determine the psychosocial determinants (e.g., depression, social support, and self-efficacy) affecting functional independence among older population. Methods: Our search was conducted on three international databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed/Medline, and Scopus) for all the observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort or longitudinal designs) on the social and psychological determinants of functional independence among older adults. Papers published in English without limitation of time were reviewed from inception to 26 August 2023. The quality assessment tool was the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The I2 index was used to quantify the degree of heterogeneity among the studies. In the case of heterogeneity higher than 50%, the random effects model has been used for overall estimation of the effects; otherwise, the fixed effects model was used. The pooled associations were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Stata version 14 software (StataCorp LP) was used for data analysis. The significance level was considered at 0.05. Results: In the initial search, 6978 articles were retrieved, and finally, considering the inclusion criteria, 46 articles were examined. Finally, 18 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The findings indicated that among all the determinants affecting functional independence among older adults, depression could lead to a 76% increase in functional dependence. Conclusion: The findings provide a statistically significant relationship between psychosocial factors and functional independence. Depression was the strongest determinant of functional dependence among older adults.

The experiences of the elderly regarding the use of rehabilitation assistive technologies: a directed qualitative content analysis.

PURPOSE: The elderly population faces reduced levels of health and performance, which necessitates the use of rehabilitation assistive technologies to maximize functional independence in daily activities. This study aimed to explain the experiences of the elderly regarding the use of rehabilitation assistive technologies based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. METHODS: The present study was a qualitative study of the type of content analysis that was conducted in the city of Hamadan in 2022. Participants included 20 elderly aged 60 years or above who were selected as a purposive sample and subjected to individual semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis based on Hsieh and Shannon's approach. Data were coded using MAXQDA software (MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020, VERBI GmbH Berlin). RESULTS: According to the results, 260 primary codes were extracted, and they were classified into five predetermined categories of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention, as well as two new categories of technology anxiety and perceived need for technology. After extracting 260 primary codes based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, 75 sub-categories were identified in 14 main categories. CONCLUSION: The themes obtained from the study indicate the necessity of providing the required conditions to maintain the complete independence and health of the elderly and strengthen their morale. The results can be helpful in the development of support strategies for family members, healthcare providers, and policymakers.

Assistive rehabilitation technologies include low-tech assistive technologies.The use of assistive rehabilitation technologies is a potential solution to improve balance, quality of life, and increase activity and functional independence in the elderly.Since peers play a very important role as technology advocates in the intention to accept and use assistive technologies, the expression of the experiences and views of the elderly can encourage and support the use of assistive rehabilitation technologies by other elderly.This study found that the use of assistive rehabilitation technologies by the elderly is a relatively complex issue with various personal, social, economic, cultural and physical aspects.

Factors affecting subsequent dose of COVID-19 vaccine uptake based on BASNEF model among older adults.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination is a primary prevention approach to preventing disease by disconnecting the transmission chain. The current study utilized a BASNEF model framework to identify factors influencing subsequent doses of COVID-19 vaccination among older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in the west of Iran in May 2022. The participants were selected via multi-stage sampling. Finally, 1120 participants contributed to the present study. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: a) Socio-demographic characteristics, b) cognitive impairments tests, and c) Questionnaire about the subsequent dose of COVID-19 vaccine uptake based on the BASNEF model. Data were analyzed using the software IBM AMOS-20 and SPSS-23 via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent sample T-tests were used, too. The significance level of statistical tests was regarded as less than 0.05. RESULTS: The presented results of analyzing 50% of the variance of vaccination intention as the dependent variable (R square = 0.497) and 10% of the behavior variance as the dependent variable (R square = 0.104) can be explained based on the BASNEF model. The enabling factors (ß = 0.636, p < 0.001) and the intention (ß = 0.322, p < 0.001) were important factors for subsequent doses of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in older adults. CONCLUSION: So, planning and implementing promotional intervention programs for older people (over 65; 80), females, illiterate, widows and divorced, good economic status, and urban areas is essential. It seems that enabling factors such as free vaccinations, vaccination inaccessible places such as public social security agencies, social supports such as involvement of the government and physicians, and improving information by the medium or knowledge-sharing experience, which can be further used to enhance the acceptance of subsequent doses of COVID-19 uptake in older adults.

The relationship between social support and dimensions of elder maltreatment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Many studies have investigated the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder abuse; however, their results are somehow inconsistent in terms of the association. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the published studies on the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder maltreatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted until January 2023, using such databases as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The present research included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and case-control studies. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two researchers independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa checklist was utilized to evaluate the quality of studies. The random effects model was employed to perform a meta-analysis. RESULTS: In total, 32 studies were included in this systematic review, out of which 26 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed that 68.75% of the studies were of high quality, and there is a significant relationship between social support and elder maltreatment. Accordingly, the lack of social support increased overall maltreatment (odds ratio: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-1.33; I2 = 92.3%, p = 0.000)). Moreover, lack of social support had an increasing effect on the level of psychological abuse (1.55, 1.18-2.04; 88.7%, p = 0.000), physical abuse (1.31, 0.42-4.11; 76.3%, p = 0.005), and neglect (2.02, 0.86-4.72; 87.9%, p = 0.000), which shows heterogeneities among the results of the included studies. On the contrary, the lack of social support showed a decreasing effect on financial abuse (0.92, 0.70-1.21; 62.1%, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides evidence that social support in the form of structural or functional support may plays an important role in improving the quality of life of the elderly.

Developing and validation of COVID-19 media literacy scale among students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional validation work evaluated the psychometric features of the COVID-19 Media Literacy Scale (C-19MLs) in Students. METHODS: The study was conducted on 530 students from a medical university in Hamadan, Iran, who were recruited through a stratified cluster random sampling process in June-July 2020. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency were used to assess the reliability. Moreover, CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analyses) and EFA (Exploratory Factor Analyses) were carried out to examine construction validity. CVR (Content Validity Ratio) and CVI (Content Validity Index) were used to examine the content validity. RESULTS: According to the factor analysis, it was indicated that the C-19MLs included 21 items measuring five dimensions (constructedness of credible Covid-19 media messages, contractedness of fake media coronavirus messages, fake media coronavirus messages, audience, with three questions in each factor; format, represented lifestyles in fake media coronavirus messages with six questions in each factor) for an explanation of 58.4% of the prevalent variance. The average scores for the CVI and CVR were respectively 0.94 and 0.77. According to confirmatory factor analysis, the studied model had an appropriate fitting to the data; the relative chi-square (x2/df) = 2.706 < 3, RMSEA = 0.093 ≤ 0.1; CFI = 0.893 ≥ 0.9; TLI = 0.874 ≥ 0.9; GFI = 0.816 ≥ 0.9; and SRMR = 0.06 ≤ 0.08. Further analyses represented acceptable findings for internal consistency reliability values with 0.86 of Cronbach's alpha. CONCLUSIONS: The results proved that the C-19MLs is a reliable and valid tool, and it is suitable and acceptable now and can be utilized in forthcoming investigations. This highlights educators and stakeholders to realize the importance of participating individuals in the new media ecology and new 'Infomedia' ecosystems for enabling people in the current digital society.

Investigating the relationship between domestic violence with substance abuse and suicide resilience in mothers with disabled children.

Introduction: Mothers with disabled children are among the most critical groups exposed to domestic violence. Although domestic violence strongly affects these mothers' physical and mental health, it subsequently affects their drug addiction and resilience to suicide. Based on this, it is crucial to investigate domestic violence, drug addiction, and resilience against suicide in mothers with disabled children. This study investigated the relationship between domestic violence, substance dependence, and resilience against suicide in mothers with disabled children in Iranian society. Methods: From January to April 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted in central and western Iran with the participation of 267 mothers with disabled children. The mothers of disabled children were selected through convenience and snowball sampling. Then they completed questionnaires included domestic violence, substance dependence and resilience against suicide. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 with descriptive statistics, such as prevalence, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and expository measurements, including ANOVA, independent t, and regression tests. Results: The study revealed that there was a strong direct correlation between domestic violence and substance abuse (r = 0.89, p < 0.001), as well as a strong indirect correlation between domestic violence and suicide resilience (r = -0.90, p < 0.001). Additionally, substance abuse and suicide resilience were negatively correlated (r = -0.93, p < 0.001). Other variables, such as the severity of children's disability, education, financial status, and the fathers' involvement, were predictors of domestic violence, accounting for 73.28% of the variance. Conclusion: Mothers with disabled children reported moderate levels of domestic violence, which strongly impacts their physical and mental well-being, leading to drug dependency and suicide. So, it is essential to implement comprehensive planning and provide extensive support to reduce domestic violence against them. By doing so, we can enhance their physical and mental health and ultimately improve their overall quality of life.

Factors related to medication adherence in patients with hypertension in Iran: a systematic review study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to review the available studies of the factors in Iranian hypertensive patients' adherence to drug treatment. METHODS: Four Persian databases and seven English databases were searched. The articles, which were published from 2000 to 2022 in Persian and English and examined the adherence to drug treatment in the Iranian population of adults with high blood pressure, were reviewed. Based on the primary examination, 31 of the initial 1062 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The evidence, which was provided by the examined articles, was summarized and discussed using the 5-dimensional framework of adherence to long-term treatments, which was developed by WHO. RESULTS: The factors that significantly correlated with adherence to drug treatment in the examined studies were: (1) factors that were related to the health team or the health system: patients' satisfaction with their doctor-patient relationship; (2) factors that were related to the conditions: the number of concomitant diseases, high quality of life and the implementation of effective interventions; (3) factors which were related to the treatment: long duration of illness, short intervals between the visits, duration of treatment, lower numbers of drugs, and the patient's blood pressure control; and (4) factors that were related to the patient: self-efficacy, health literacy, social support, locus of control, illness perception, beliefs, attitude, knowledge, and cues to action. CONCLUSION: It is possible to draw definite conclusions about the factors which affect adherence to drug treatment in patients with high blood pressure because most of the relevant studies have been cross-sectional. Therefore, in the future, valuable results can be obtained by conducting more studies that preferably use objective instruments for assessing adherence to drug treatment.

Promoting Oral Health Behavior During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are vulnerable to oral disease due to physiological, hormonal, and dietary alterations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the educational program according to the Health Promotion Model (HPM) on the oral health prevention behavior of pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. METHODS: This study was performed on 105 pregnant women visiting health centers located in Arak from February to November 2022. The subjects were randomly assigned to intervention (n=54) and control (n=51) groups. A reliable and valid questionnaire according to HPM constructs was used to collect the data. The pre-test was conducted in the groups. The intervention group received the educational program in 9 educational sessions (from 12 to 24 weeks of pregnancy). Then, the post-test was conducted in the 36th week of pregnancy in the groups. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 18) and using independent t-test, paired t-test, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups regarding perceived benefits (24.68±3.63 vs. 26.57±3.67, P=0.009), perceived barriers (7.31±3.14 vs. 5.81±3.59, P=0.025), positive affect (10.50±1.66 vs. 11.29±1.34, P=0.009), negative affect (1.59±0.223 vs. 1.40±1.51, P=0.006), commitment to the action plan (4.05±1.92 vs. 4.77±1.50, P=0.034), and tooth brushing time (2.29±0.72 vs. 2.74±0.48, P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed regarding the tooth brushing frequency (2.05±0.58 vs. 2.07±0.66, P=0.901) after the intervention. The brushing time for 2-3 minutes in the intervention group increased from 51.85% to 75.92% after the intervention. CONCLUSION: HPM-based education was effective in promoting the duration of tooth brushing in pregnant women. However, it had no effect on the tooth brushing frequency.

Development and Psychometric Properties of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire for Childbearing Intentions and Behaviors in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Childbearing is the most important determinant of population fluctuations, and its study is more important than other population phenomena. Owing to the lack of a valid questionnaire based on the extended theory of planned behavior, this mixed-method study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to examine related belief-based factors on the intention to bear children in Iranian society. METHODS: This study was conducted in two phases in Hamadan city, western Iran, in 2021. Phase 1 consisted of an extensive literature review and a qualitative study using a directed content analysis approach to generate an item pool. Psychometrics were measured in phase 2, including content, face, and construct validity. Reliability was assessed based on internal consistency and stability. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS and AMOS ver. 24.0. RESULTS: Mean content validity ratio and content validity index were 0.7 and 0.85, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis of the 32 items identified an eight-factor solution. These factors jointly accounted for 79.1% of the observed variance in the outcome variables. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. The internal consistency based on Cronbach's α was 0.85 (0.71-0.93). In addition, stability was confirmed using the test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.74-0.94). CONCLUSION: The designed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating related belief-based factors on the intention and behavior of childbearing among married men and women in Iran.

Androgenic-anabolic steroids use among bodybuilders in western Iran: application of ridge logistic regression model.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) by competitive and non-competitive bodybuilders and its side effects have become a major public health problem. Many studies have focused on determining the role and severity of various factors in AAS use, but the existence of collinearity between the factors leads to the non-significance of important factors. The study aimed to determine factors affecting the androgenic-anabolic steroids use in Iranian bodybuilders. METHOD: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 280 male bodybuilders (142 non-competitive and 138 competitive bodybuilders) in Hamadan, west of Iran, in 2016. The participations were recruited a multistage sampling method. A self-administrated questionnaire was used, which included parts such as intrapersonal, interpersonal, and behavioral factors affecting on AAS use. To solve the consequences of collinearity was used ridge logistic regression model (RLRM) in R.3.5.1 software. RESULTS: The mean age of bodybuilders was 25.21 years (SD = 6.31). The prevalence rate of AAS use among non-competitive and competitive bodybuilders was 27.5% and 34.1%, respectively. Factors such as age, time of starting bodybuilding, attitude, physical self-concept, behavioral intention, coach and friend use AAS, alcohol consumption, and supplement use were associated with AAS use among non-competitive and competitive bodybuilders. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicated that a combination of intrapersonal, interpersonal and behavioral factors was effective on the androgenic-anabolic steroids use among Iranian bodybuilders. Adequate education about the side effects of AAS and improvement of individual skills seem to be helpful in reducing AAS use.

Predictors of COVID-19 vaccination intention among Iranian population: applying the theory of planned behavior.

Background: The present study was conducted to assess the determinants of the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination among the Iranian population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,056 individuals of the general population living in Hamadan County were studied from April to June 2021. Using a proportional stratified sampling method, subjects were selected from those covered by 34 comprehensive health service centers and health bases. Then, the subjects were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by sending a questionnaire link to eligible individuals, who completed it online. The questionnaire determined demographic data and constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Results: 1,056 subjects answered the study; women accounted for 57.9% of the respondents. According to the findings, the majority of respondents (79.5%) reported that they would strongly agree and agree to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Older age, male gender, occupation, underlying chronic disease, death of relatives and friends due to COVID-19, and history of influenza vaccinations were significantly related to the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 (P>0.05). Also, the intention was associated with increased scores in the attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusion: Despite doubt about the details of the intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination, most subjects reported intending to be vaccinated against COVID-19, but the real rate of vaccination may be lower. Vaccination intention reflects overall vaccination attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Factors Influencing Brucellosis Preventive Behaviors among Marginalized Iranian Women: An Application of the Health Belief Model.

Background: Brucellosis is still a serious public health threat in developing countries, especially in Iran. Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Iran and risk factors increasing its broadcast are prevalent. This study investigated factors influencing brucellosis preventive behaviors amongst marginalized women in Hamadan city, Iran, using the health belief model (HBM). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 289 women living in marginal areas were considered from April until May 2018. Via cluster random sampling methods, comprehensive health services where women get health care were selected. Each woman in the selected comprehensive health services was then enrolled by the simple random sampling method. Data were gathered from a face-to-face interview via a questionnaire. Results: Most women had a history of using nonpasteurized dairy products (86.2%). Most women (64.7%) boiled the milk for 3-5 minutes. 61.2% of women put the cheese in a salt-water solution. The results showed that one unit rise in the scores of knowledge, self-efficacy, and cues to action resulted in an increase in the mean score of the protective behavior by 0.189, 209, and 0.150, respectively. Conclusion: The HBM was a helpful model in predicting the influential elements in brucellosis preventive behaviors. Also, recognized effective factors should be taken into account when designing interventions.

Evaluation of a web-based randomized controlled trial educational intervention based on media literacy on preventing substance abuse among college students, applying the integrated social marketing approach: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Substance abuse is the actual psychosocial harm, especially in young people confronted with content marketing in nowadays media environment, a risk factor for experiencing substance abuse. Based on the literature review, education designed based on the cognitive-behavioral model and planning models, such as using a social marketing framework, is the most effective method to prevent addictive substance abuse. Also, media literacy related to substance abuse and the prototype willingness model is considered a new integrated approach to present the intervention measures' desired results. METHODS: The present study evaluates an intervention program based on media literacy on substance abuse prevention among students using an integrated social marketing approach. This study aims to complete the SMART model's sixth and seventh stages, implementing intervention and evaluation. Participants will be students of Hamadan University, Iran. Randomization will occur at the university and school levels, and gathered data will appear at two-time (i.e., pre-test and three months follow-up). Intervention group students will obtain both substance abuse prevention education and substance abuse media literacy (SAML) education between pre-test and 3 months post-test. Students in the delayed intervention will be given this education after study accomplishment; this group will receive their regular courses except for substance abuse prevention and media literacy titles during education intervention. The outcome variables are intentions and substance abuse behavior based on prototype willingness and substance abuse media literacy. DISCUSSION: Evaluation of Substance abuse prevention and substance abuse media literacy education must be careful to ensure that they effectively enable people, especially in youth in the new media ecology and unique "Infomedia" ecosystems, in the current digital society. The SAML education plan's evaluation has the first web-based education program in universities. No prior research has psychometrically considered SAML in students in the SMART model's sixth and seventh stages. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20200914048719N1 . Registered on June 30, 2021.

Covid-19 Preventive Behaviors in Iranian People: Applying Health Belief Model.

Covid-19 disease, as a common infectious disease, has caused infection and death. Preventive behaviors are among the most important essential strategies of the Covid-19 disease prevention and control program. The health belief model (HBM) is one of the models that have been used to investigate the effective motivational factors and ultimately the protective behavior of the individual. Therefore, this study was conducted to define the factors related with Covid-19 protection behaviors among patients referred to comprehensive health service centers in Tuyserkan city using the HBM. A total of 800 patients referred to the comprehensive health service centers of Tuyserkan city during November 2021 were selected as the statistical population of this descriptive-analytical study. Clients were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling from 21 comprehensive health service centers and health bases and then entered the study through simple random sampling. Data collection was online and based on a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic information and HBM structure. The analysis was performed using SPSS24 software after data collection. The mean age of the subjects was 48.80 years and the income of the majority of the subjects was low (86.5%). People who washed their hands frequently kept a social distance, avoided losing others, used masks and gloves were 54.2%, 72.5%, 79.8%, 53.9%, 7.9% respectively. The results showed that with one unit increase in self-efficacy score and practice guide, the average behavior score increased by 0.27 and 0.31. The results show that the importance of prevention of Covid-19 infection among the population is necessary due to the high prevalence of infection and mortality. It seems that in intervention and prevention programs, the factors of prevention of Covid-19 transmission should be fully identified and proper interventions should be planned and implemented based on affective factors.

Effectiveness of kangaroo mother care on maternal resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy using the role-play method in a neonatal intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) offers several benefits for neonates and mothers. Although many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of KMC on infants, only few studies have examined the effects on mothers. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of KMC on maternal resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy via the role-play method in a neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial. Mothers were randomized into two groups. Mothers in the intervention group were trained using the role-play method. Questionnaires were administered before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22. RESULTS: The training demonstrated a statistically significant difference in resilience score and breastfeeding self-efficacy in each group after the intervention. In addition, a statistically significant difference was revealed between both groups in resilience scores and breastfeeding self-efficacy after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: KMC training with the role-play method was most effective. Role-play and routine methods are recommended as methods of therapeutic care in clinical settings to improve maternal resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cuidado madre canguro ofrece una gran cantidad de beneficios para el neonato y la madre. Aunque muchos estudios han evaluado la eficacia del cuidado madre canguro en los bebés, solo pocos estudios han examinado los efectos en las madres. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la efectividad del cuidado madre canguro sobre la resiliencia de la madre y la autoeficacia de la lactancia mediante el método de juego de roles en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un ensayo controlado aleatorio. Las madres se asignaron en dos grupos al azar. Las madres del grupo de intervención fueron capacitadas mediante el método de juego de roles. Se aplicaron cuestionarios antes y después de la intervención. Los datos se analizaron utilizando SPSS versión 22. RESULTADOS: El entrenamiento demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la puntuación de la resiliencia y la autoeficacia de la lactancia en cada grupo después de la intervención. Además, se reveló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos en la puntuación de resiliencia y la autoeficacia de la lactancia después de la intervención. CONCLUSIONES: La capacitación del cuidado madre canguro mediante el método de juego de roles fue más efectiva. Se recomienda el juego de roles y los métodos de rutina como métodos de atención terapéutica en entornos clínicos para mejorar la resiliencia de la madre y la autoeficacia de la lactancia.

Effectiveness of kangaroo mother care on maternal resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy using the role-play method in a neonatal intensive care unit / Eficacia de los cuidados madre canguro sobre la resiliencia de la madre y la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna mediante el método de juego de roles en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales

Abstract Background: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) offers several benefits for neonates and mothers. Although many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of KMC on infants, only few studies have examined the effects on mothers. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of KMC on maternal resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy via the role-play method in a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial. Mothers were randomized into two groups. Mothers in the intervention group were trained using the role-play method. Questionnaires were administered before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22. Results: The training demonstrated a statistically significant difference in resilience score and breastfeeding self-efficacy in each group after the intervention. In addition, a statistically significant difference was revealed between both groups in resilience scores and breastfeeding self-efficacy after the intervention. Conclusions: KMC training with the role-play method was most effective. Role-play and routine methods are recommended as methods of therapeutic care in clinical settings to improve maternal resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidado madre canguro ofrece una gran cantidad de beneficios para el neonato y la madre. Aunque muchos estudios han evaluado la eficacia del cuidado madre canguro en los bebés, solo pocos estudios han examinado los efectos en las madres. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la efectividad del cuidado madre canguro sobre la resiliencia de la madre y la autoeficacia de la lactancia mediante el método de juego de roles en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un ensayo controlado aleatorio. Las madres se asignaron en dos grupos al azar. Las madres del grupo de intervención fueron capacitadas mediante el método de juego de roles. Se aplicaron cuestionarios antes y después de la intervención. Los datos se analizaron utilizando SPSS versión 22. Resultados: El entrenamiento demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la puntuación de la resiliencia y la autoeficacia de la lactancia en cada grupo después de la intervención. Además, se reveló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos en la puntuación de resiliencia y la autoeficacia de la lactancia después de la intervención. Conclusiones: La capacitación del cuidado madre canguro mediante el método de juego de roles fue más efectiva. Se recomienda el juego de roles y los métodos de rutina como métodos de atención terapéutica en entornos clínicos para mejorar la resiliencia de la madre y la autoeficacia de la lactancia.

Understanding the rationales behind childbearing: A qualitative study based on extended theory of planned behavior.

BACKGROUND: Childbearing is the most important determinant of population fluctuations and its studies are more important than other population phenomena. Many factors are associated with childbearing, but individual factors associated with it have been less studied in a specific framework. The present study aimed to explore and identify the factors related to childbearing based on extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted among married women <35 years of age and married men whose spouses were under 35 years of age and lived in the City of Hamadan, Iran, in 2019. The data were collected by semistructured and face-to-face in-depth interviews and continued until the data saturation was reached. Overall, 15 interviews were conducted with 17 people. The data were analyzed, using a directed content analysis approach. RESULTS: The data analysis resulted in the extraction of 28 main codes, 9 subcategories, and 4 themes, which were correspond to constructs of the theory, consisting of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and social support in the field of childbearing. The main predictors were attitude toward childbearing and perceived control. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that ETPB has a potential to explain the intention and behavior of childbearing. The ETPB makes it possible to understand many of the factors associated with childbearing. The results of this study could be the basis for designing appropriate data collection instrument in quantitative studies and vast surveys.

Can substance abuse media literacy increase prediction of drug use in students?

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the predictors of drug use among students based on the Extended Prototype willingness model (EPWM). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed at Hamadan universities. The participants were selected via multi-stage sampling. Finally, out of 721 students participated. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: (a) socio-demographic characteristics, (b) Questionnaire about the prototype willingness model constructs, (c) Questionnaire about the status of drug use behavior, (d) Substance Abuse Media Literacy (SAML) scale. Data were analyzed using a structural equations partial least squares confirmatory composite approach and SPSS-23. RESULTS: The mean age of students was of 23.47 ± 4.14 years. Based on results, behavioral willingness (ß = 0.420, t-value = 9.010, p < 0.001) and behavioral intention (ß = 0.291, t-value = 6.957, p < 0.001) significantly predicted drug use. The presented results of analysis, 66% of the variance of the drug use, 62% of the variable of the behavioral willingness, and 56% of the behavioral intention could be explained by the EPWM. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that EPWM could predict drug use in students. Therefore, designing and implementing educational and promotional intervention programs to reduce behavioral willingness and increase students' skills in substance abuse media literacy is necessary to prevent drug use behavior.

Care burden, coping styles and involvement in care in mothers of autistic children in pandemic of COVID-19.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the burden of care, coping styles and involvement in the care of mothers of autistic children in the pandemic of COVID-19 in Iranian society. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 134 mothers completed questionnaires online. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and independent t-test, ANOVA and multiple linear regressions. The significance level was considered p < .05. RESULT: Findings of the study found that burden of care has a strong and direct correlation with involvement in care (p < .001, r = .78) and strongly and indirectly correlated with coping styles (p < .001, r = -.82). Variables of coping styles, involvement in care, mothers' occupation and number of children, age and functional level of autism can predict 81.27% of the variance in care burden in these mothers.